History of the Multiculturalism Movement in 1980

Table of Contents Introduction Body Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Multicultural movement refers to a coalition of university students formed 1980s that included students from diverse groups. These groups were against oppressive trends of governance and running of affairs by the university administration (Pedersen 45). This was mainly to address the need for fairness and justice to all regardless of their gender, color or race.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on History of the Multiculturalism Movement in 1980 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The urge to form these groups came because; the white discriminated against other colors and females. For example, teaching in universities was for the white while administration dues were given to females. Body In 1960sthere were a series of cases of discrimination where people from different cultural backgrounds were treated in an inhumane manner. This led to increased number of protests from the youth and other positive minded in the society. In 1980s, university students staged several protests aimed at holding accountable their institutions for past incidences of discrimination and racism. The multicultural movement involved diverse group of students, some university faculties and communities within their locality. They formed a coalition that understood the need to have academic resources and programs to study racial and social histories from particular societies. Their objectives were achieved because they saw the creation of black American, Asian and women studies programs and centers in their campuses. These centers had an aim of ensuring the fundamental aspects of cultural diversity are addressed in the world (Pedersen 45). This means that people from anywhere in the world will be valued and respected hence eliminating chances of discrimination. Despite students having formed several other organizations and movements, the m ulticultural movement attained credibility in a very short time hence extending to other parts of the world. This means that many people in the world were not happy with the manner in which racial discrimination was carried out. This movement was supported by many students because they felt that everyone has a right to be in this world regardless of their cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, no one chooses where to be born or their cultural backgrounds. They felt that it was important for universities to study various cultures in order to understand how people behave.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the movement achieved most of its goals, which included fighting discrimination on grounds of sex or color, the movement came with several negatives. For example, there have been cases where students want to change aspects in their universities by claiming that they can form better workers (Ladd 87). In fact, such thoughts are politically motivated, and they can lead to collapse of learning institutions. If students are trusted with the mandate to run an institution, they may end up waving fees in their favor hence leaving the institution unable to sustain its operations. Opposition has risen recently trying to oppose specific aspects of multicultural movements, such arguments does not address the needs of students or the university but greed of some movement officials. For example, transforming universities into a war field where students keep demonstrating without genuine reason (Krishnaswamy and Hawley 234). These counterattacks of the multicultural movements aimed at controlling their unreasonable demands in order to save the universities. For example, multicultural movements may decide to protests demanding that they want fees reduced in favor of the poor in the society. Conclusion Therefore, every learning institution needs funds to sustain i ts operations hence having to collect some fees from students. This is vital and further reduction of fees may leave institutions unable to equip their resource centers. This may lead institutions to a state where they lack credibility since they cannot give to the students the right information they may require. Works Cited Krishnaswamy, Revathi. and Hawley, John C. The postcolonial and the global. Minnesota: U of Minnesota Press. 2008. Print. Ladd, Paddy. Understanding deaf culture: in search of deafhood. New York: Multilingual Matters.2003. Print. Pedersen, Paul. Multiculturalism as a fourth force. London: Psychology Press. 2000. Print. This critical writing on History of the Multiculturalism Movement in 1980 was written and submitted by user Adel1na to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Clinical product assesment Essay Example

Clinical product assesment Essay Example Clinical product assesment Paper Clinical product assesment Paper   Clinical Evaluations Assessment Tool. Project Activity #1: Product 1- Noni Juice Brand Name: Goodnoni Website Goodnoni Description of Product- Noni Juice Noni Juice is produced from Noni fruit. Noni is an exclusive tropical fruit believed to be beneficial and useful food. The juice contains bitter and typical taste that is of the mature Noni fruit. It is brown in color and the juice contains some rich fruit thick sediments. It is recommended shaking the bottle before opening to let sediments to be mixed with the juice. Rely on the cyclic array of Noni fruit, some time the juice may appear watery, even though no water is mixed. This is known as Folk medicine, and in other terms called as traditional medicine. Folk medicine is used as substitute health option which is made from Herbs and shrubs during the ancient days to cure ailments and diseases.   Noni juice, is believed to be with many health values in curing many of the diseases. Description of Product Use It is recommended daily to use the dosage of 30 60 ml juice. It is vital and significant to take the noni juice before any thing is eaten, otherwise stomach acids digest most of the helpful components of the juice. Noni juice is to be taken twice or three times in a day, depending on the patient condition Product Evaluation Outcome: Package condition: The Product has acceptable package conditions with juice in tight plastic bottle with labelling and titles. The product label clearly displays the product details and product administration details. The label also comes with attractive promotional logo with Noni fruit and suitable captions. The bottle is inturn packed in an attractive Cardboard box that displays all the promotional material. The product comes in an reusable mode of container, i.e.,   the juice bottle   once opened can be used within 2 months period of time. Teh packaging offers the safety and efficacy to the product. Natures Products, from   noninz.com/ Product Information Product 2- Aloe Vera Topical Brand Name: Aloe Juice Concentrate 16OZ Website www.aloelife.com- Description of Product- Noni Juice Aloe Vera is believed to be a anecdotal health claim. Many folk medicine believers assume that this product is good for immune system and can cure diseases related with fungus, constipation, virus, bacterial and inflammation. This is also used as nutritional supplement in many parts of the world. Description of Product Use Aloe Gold Juice Concentrate 16OZ Aloe Gold Whole Leaf Aloe Vera Juice Concentrate is the highest quality Aloe Vera in a bottle providing maximum benefits when taken daily. It comes as 3:1 concentrate containing yellow sap To be administered as 1-2 OZ daily, special applications 3-8 OZ. The cup of   juice is recommended to drink by the patients in mixing with water. Product Evaluation outcome: Aloe Juice comes in The product comes in Dim: 8.0 x 2.5 x 2.5 in  Ã‚  Wt: 1  Lb Plastic bottles. The bottle material and package offers the safety and efficacy by informing the use of the product details.   The label displays the Aloe Leaves as a mark of product information Aloe Gold Juice Concentrate 16OZ, from aloelife.com/ezStore123/DTProductZoom.asp?productID=15 Project Activity#2: Noni Juice Type of Disease: Diabetes is caused by the imbalances in insulin hormone in body. Safety and Efficacy: The safety measures that are claiming by the manufacturers are the sealed package, sterilized and free from any contamination. Medical Threat:   The Long term effects of diabetes are generally because of patient maintaining their glucose levels high for long periods of time. The excess blood sugar levels have a terrible result on the body. Few of the general effects from diabetes consist of nerve damage, vision problems, damage of kidney, Problems of heart and circulation. Diagnosis in early stages of diabetes will help a person to keep away from serious related diseases. Strategy: The strategies that are using to promote the NONI product are by showing the scientific researches which took place in recent years stating, Noni is confirmed as an amazing supplement for promoting best possible health. General conditions connected with Western culture and problems of diet with blood circulation, blood pressure and blood sugar levels appear to be stabilizing by a regular consumption of Noni. Reason why patents purchase: In the present days people are becoming so much health conscious. The NONI product is illustrated in such a way that any one who cares about health will easily purchase, the other reason is regarding the package and safety measures and because of no side effects. They are mostly got promoted by doctors which any one are impressed to purchase. Role as practitioner: Even though it is used by many, it has not been certified by the international standards like other medicines. Any medicine which is not properly tested by the international standards cannot be consumed with out the suggestion of doctors. Self Diagnostics: During the consumption of any unproven products, consulting doctor and getting self diagnosed is the must, because some of the elements which the product contains may not be suitable for the patient, which may yield to side effects. Jeanette Pollock, â€Å"The Effects of Diabetes† from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Effects-of-Diabetesid=130351 Product-2 Aloevera Juice: Type of Disease: the disease that is considered for the product of Aloe-Vera is psoriasis. Safety and Efficacy: The masseurs are displayed on product container Medical Threat: Psoriasis is a skin disorder which can occur to anyone of any age in both men and women. Researchers believe that psoriasis is an immune-mediated condition. Strategy: The manufactures says that, the Aloe Vera topical is being used to help out in the healing of minor wounds, burns, eczema, and psoriasis. Reason why patents purchase: The vendors telling that product Aloe Vera Topical is made purely from the extract of Aloe Vera and showing the benefits of Aloe Vera which attracts the patients. Role as practitioner: The products which are not certified by FDA are to be used by the consultation of doctors which may prevent the threats like side effects or any harm like burning sensation etc. Self Diagnostics: Any products which are not FDA tested are not suggested to used directly by the patients,   except under the guidance of the experts. The self treatment can cause major side effects especially with the unproven products. Ben W Taylor, â€Å"Aloe Vera and Psoriasis† from http://ezinearticles.com/?Aloe-Vera-and-Psoriasisid=520370 Project Activity#3: Credentials of Noni Noni has its own website on which the product Noni Juice is displayed in attractive colours and offering free delivery on all their products. When suggesting any product regarding health, the Product must be FdA certified. Even though it is said to be FSA certified, the vendors who sell the products are not the certified doctors to suggest some one regarding their product. They can tell any thing to advertise their product but consumer who purchases must be very careful to use.   The product when taken with out the guidance of the physician it may cause harm or side effects. Some of the contents in the product may not be suggestible to some people which may turn harmful. The one who sells the product may not know to whom to sell the product and they are not supposed to suggest the patients with out proper diagnosis. Natures Products, from   noninz.com/ Credentials of Aloe Vera Juice The product Aloe Vera Topical is advertised by the health site called aloelife.com.   By publishing the product information on the site the people who visit it for medical information will get a range of products to choose.   However, the site did not publish more information psoriasis cure with the product. So if product is not suitable to any one it may give the itching and burning sensation and can develop the psoriasis more. Even though the site gives the precautions to use the products it is better to take the advice of the physician before considering any product. Aloe Gold Juice Concentrate 16OZ, from aloelife.com/ezStore123/DTProductZoom.asp?productID=15 Project Activity# 4 Strategies of promotion: These Health care products are popularized through the TV Channels, Home magazines, Brochures, pamphlets, websites and Internet Ads.   Also these health care products are promoted by sale representatives or commission agents as a means of direct sales to the end user. Sometimes sales representatives consult the medical or Para medical practioners to stall their products in the shelf. Such product sellers use social community as the major medium for selling utilizing the close contacts. Many of the times the products are pushed on the basis of buying capacity of the patients but not on the basis of actual need. The most adaptive promotional strategy is Multilevel or Chain marketing that offers high commissions to the people who refer or make others buy these products. These people who sell or recommend such health products do this sales promotion without much medical knowledge.   These promotional push these health products with their product and consumer knowledge, without any right diagnosis of the patient condition. Such product marketing convinces the people with the quick relief of the disease by showing the photos and testimonies of the people as a proof to make others believe their words. However their prescription is not based on the patient’s clinical diagnostic condition. The products some times are pushed as bundle- buy two get one free basis, resulting the compulsory usage of additional product even without the actual necessary. Many of the times, the Para medical professionals assist in promotion by testifying about the results of the product due to some expected benefit from the product seller or manufacturer. Healthcare Marketing That Grows Your Reputation   And Your Bottom Line, from healthcaresuccess.com/ Assessment of such strategies: Such promotional strategies are becoming popular day by day in the health car products. Though they have any scientific evidence or medical proof of the performance of the product in al the patients in a similar manner, the products are pushed on the conviction made through the promotional material. When the products are attested by Para medical professionals, buyers will be easily convicted to buy without knowing the actual outcome. Sometimes such products may give side effects due to the lack of proper clinical prognosis and prescription. Project Activity#5: I will design my product market plan in such a way to commercialise it from  Ã‚   early stages by communicating its utility and value to the targeted users.   First I will identify the major therapeutic areas where my product can meet the need. Then I will design the promotional material to acknowledge the right   consumers of the product. Not only that I will produce a leaf let that will be inserted in the product packing. This leaf let will be with pre conditions and post conditions of the product usage. This will prove my safety measures and efficacy. Also, on outer pack , i will strictly mention that the product should be used under the medical prescription only. However, I will not give the product administration dosages to avoid he personal and direct administration of the product by the user. This will help the user to depend on the medical practioners help to use the product. Promotional Media: I will target the customers of the product in the following ways: 1. Geographics: Basing on the area of residency, location, population density, size of the area, climatic conditions of the zone of the product customers. 2. Demographics: The Gender, age, gender, family size and structure, Education, occupation, income of the customers. 3. Psychographics: The personal behaviour, life-style, needs of the customers, expectations of the customers. 4. Behaviours: The needs and wants of the product user. Information expectation levels and attitudes and cost issues can be considered here. Then I will try to create value to my products than my competitors by pointing out the benefits towards one of the life-improvement benefits: like-   Pain relief ,Abilities, Appearance, confidence, Productivity, Peace in Life, Cost Value etc., I will use the Targeted Social contacts at eh clinical centres and will give the product education under clinical observations only.   The major promotional channels would be organised in this way Conducting the disease awareness programs at the clinics and social gathering halls that help in positioning and for the expansion of markets Pre product launch initiatives to create demand and excitement Product launch programs with distributors and dealers that can take up the immediate spur in the sales. Wall posters and message boards that not only creates brand image but also will educate people about the disease. Stewart Gandolf and Lonnie Hirsch, What Is A Health Care Marketing Plan?, from healthcaresuccess.com/articles/what-is-marketing-plan.html

What is employment relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

What is employment relationship - Essay Example A good stable working environment, encouraged by good employment relationship, is critical as it has noteworthy implications on the health and well-being of employees. It is an imperative characteristic in any success of any business or organization within the service economy. Service economy is the term used to refer to the comparative importance of service when presenting products. Whilst many people look on the jobs created by the information economy as "high tech", in actuality and in many respects it is merely new levels of de-skilling and pay differentials. Some parts of the new information economy, such as telesales or call centres, and some information processing jobs such as web content production, have been likened to the sweatshops of traditional manufacturing industries. These jobs even have a high job insecurity ratio. As Belt, Richardson and Webster (2000) put it "Call centre operations do not constitute an 'industry' in the commonly accepted sense, but it is considered sensible to refer to call centres as an industry." So for all required purposes call centres are an excellent example of how employment relationships function within the service economy. Call centre agents are supposed to be friendly cheerful and helpful as we as customers tend to expect this kind of behavior from interactive service workers. This was perceived as "emotional labour" by Hochschild (1983) because a certain degree of emotional investment was required to produce the desired effect. It seems to be a new way to exploit the workers. Van Maanen and Kunda (1989) have said that "organizational culture management, only seem to want to mask managerial attempts to control not only what employees say and do but feel as well." Emotional management seems to have been organized even more efficiently and pushed to the next level. Emotional labour increases stress and decreases job satisfaction immensely. This is proved in the study of five call centres conducted by Deery, Iverson and Walsh in 2000, where "excessive demands on emotional labour lead to a higher propensity of stress, anxiety and emotional exhaustion amongst call centre agents". In her book: Human Resource Management and Occupational Health and Safety, Carol Boyd (2003) has said, "the role of call centre agents is dictated by the immediacy of the production process and a dependency on employees' personal characteristics to deliver high-quality service" and "this is where various techniques aimed at maintaining their sweetness will be deployed". Now thanks to the leap of technology managerial control can even delve and investigate every tiny detail of the call centre agents' work, offering scrupulous and immediate particulars on each agent's activities. The monitoring of the communications and activities of employees in the workplace in the UK mus t, however, be balanced with requirements under the Human Rights Act 1998 and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights; organizations must have regard to the private lives of individuals. Tight call-handling times and monitoring combine with performance targets to accelerate the pace of work, without gaining much job satisfaction. This tendency to micro manage results in a sense of self, which is vital to be lost; when agents feel that they are no longer in control of their lives and their

Find a clear thesis topic related to the Effects of Child Labor Essay

Find a clear thesis topic related to the Effects of Child Labor - Essay Example It has been a long road trying to deal with these issues, but law makers have managed to come up with the needed laws to deal with people who include children in employment (Chapter 2, 2000). Child labor regulations in the U.S. take in numerous rules and statutes regulating the employment of children below the age of 18. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, child labor regulations concern those below the age of 12 in an array of jobs (Chapter 2, 2000). The core law regulating child labor body in the U.S. is the Fair Labor Standards Act. For non-agricultural jobs, for instance, children below the age of 12 may not be employed, children from 12 to 16 might be employed in permitted occupations during partial hours, and children from 16 to 18 might be employed for unrestricted hours in harmless jobs. Numerous exceptions to these regulations are present like employment by parents, child actors and newspaper delivery (Chapter 2, 2000). Also, child labor has led to the establishment of movements against child labor or groups that advocate for proper conditions for children incorporated in the vocation field (Chapter 2, 2000). This is a matter that if let out of control ca n have stern consequences and; hence, regulatory bodies should ensure that the rules are followed

Car Safety Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Car Safety - Term Paper Example This paper will discuss a number of aspects of engineering and construction related to car safety such as car design, assembly, and equipment that eradicate or diminish car accidents. The History of Car Safety Car safety might have become a concern almost from the start of mechanized road vehicle expansion. The second artillery tractor that was powered by steam was produced by a Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in the year 1771 and is described by some individuals to have crashed into a barricade through its demonstration run. On the other hand, Georges Ageon claims that the earliest declaration of this incident dates from the year1801, and it cannot be traced in any present-day accounts. The utilization of seat belts and cushion dashboards was advocated for in the year 1934, which led to the formation of the Automobile Safety League of America. The same year, GM undertook the initial barrier crash experiment. A number of experiments and addition of a number of items in the car through the year 1940 to date has developed the car design, assembly, and equipment for the eradication or reduction of car accidents (Hamer 156). Safety did not develop into a promotion point for novel cars until the late years of the 1980s, but it is without doubt now. There has been augmented public understanding of the relative efficiency of safety features within diverse models, which has been elevated by the prologue of self-sufficient crash tests, principally the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), which is a global crash test establishment in which the NRMA, as well as other groupings are members. While noteworthy legislation, for example, the blood alcohol restrictions practice for driving has taken part in playing a key role in dropping road crash injury as well as deaths. However, to date, the seat belt is the development which has saved many human beings than any other (Jain 187). Active and Passive Car Safety Active safety refers to technology that supports in the avoidance of a crash w hile passive safety is a technology that supports in the avoidance of a crash to mechanisms of the vehicle such as airbags, seatbelts, as well as the physical construction of the car, which can aid in the protection of occupants when a crash occurs (Crandall, Bhalla & Madeley 234). Crash Evasion Systems Crash evasion systems and pieces of equipment assist the driver as well as the car itself to evade a crash. Cars are outfitted with a selection of lights as well as reflectors to mark their existence, position, distance across, length, and bearing of travel to put across the driver's intention and measures to other drivers. Crash evasion systems include the car's headlamp, which some have headlights that rotate with the obverse wheels of a car, revealing the pathway around a curve. Other evasion systems include front and back position lamps, turn warning signs, brake or stop lamps, repealing lamps, side marker lights, suspension systems, cars’ mirror, as well as reflectors. Dr iver Assistance Systems A division of crash evasion is driver support systems, which aid the driver to become aware of obstacles that are concealed and to manage the car. Driver support systems consist of mechanical braking systems that put a stop to or lessen the rigorousness of a crash. They utilize long and short array radar, to function efficiently at whichever

How Number System Is Used In IT

How Number System Is Used In IT In this documentation I have discussed of how the application of number system is used in IT applications in both hardware and applications, operating system and in programming language. I have discussed about the use of base 2 in the 8 bit bytes form use with the operation for subnet. The use of hexadecimal form addressing memory and classless inter Domain Routing. There are number of different numbering system which is in use for the unique ability to represent different numbers. Binary, Octal, Denary and Hexadecimal are number systems that are used in different aspects Denary number is the most commonly used number system which is frequently used in daily life. Nevertheless each number system has associated benefits which are the reason that different number systems are used in different areas. Each of the number system has a fix number of representation of numbers which are used to represent the numbers like, say for example Binary numbers are represented by either one or zero, Octal numbers are represented by numbers from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 whereas Denary and Hexadecimal numbers are represented by the number of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0, 1,2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, respectively. Binary Numbers Binary numbers are mostly used when there are only two options available so if one is false then the other is true. Examples of binary system can be their usage to represent bits in a computer which can have only 0 or 1 value a switch in a electric circuit which can be either on (1) or off (0). Binary system is widely used to represent situations in everyday normal life as well for example for electronic gates in electricity circuits, false or true statements can also be displaced in terms of binary digits where 0 represents false and 1 represents true states. Denary Numbers Denary numbers are frequently used in everyday life in accounting, calendar systems, financial systems or daily routine counting. The main benefits of Denary number system is that they are easier to use as compared to other number systems and have more number to present different situations though Hexadecimal number system has more representations but that representation can include characters in them as well which makes them more difficult to understand and use as compare to denary system. Denary number systems are so frequently used that a person even do not need to have a formal education to know or use them. One of the reasons can be that it is frequently use in daily life accounting. Other number systems are used in more specified fields such as computing and hence would need to be learned. Octal Numbers Octal numbers are not that commonly used as compared to other numbers and are mostly used in computing graphics, text and famous operating system such as UNIX also uses octal numbers for their file protection system. Octal numbers have total of 8 unique representations which can be combined together to make more octal number representations. Octal numbers are difficult to understand for a normal person who has limited number of understanding about the number system. As after 7 different numbers are used to represent numbers from 7 onwards and hence they seem physically bit difficult to comprehend. The number system needs to use a subscript of 8 with is number to represented they are not Denary but octal number otherwise confusion can easily occurred. Hexadecimal Number System Hexadecimal number are used where there are more options which needs to be represented off and are mostly commonly used in computing to represent different memory locations. Since binary, octal and hexadecimal have representations which are powers of 2 (power of 0 in binary, 3 in octal and 4 in hexadecimal) hence that makes them more suitable to different situations, which require different number representations. They are positively contributing to the daily life and to the technology and logical world as well and needs to be understood properly if one needs to take advantage of such technology. Whilst the above gives uses of the binary, octal and hex number systems in different areas of IT and while some example are given the manager encourages you to research a wide range of examples for him to look at. Binary Number System used in ASCII table and IP Address Binary number system are also used in the ASCII table to represent different codes for different characters which then can be used into computing as well. ASCII number is more like a combination of binary numbers. Binary numbers are also used in IP addressing system again which is a combination of Binary number and are used in computing field. These IP addresses are of two different versions now one is known as IP 4 and other one is known as IP 6. These IP addresses are further sub divided into different classes such as class A, B and C where each class has a different number of hosts and network address. The ASCII character set, each binary value between 0 and 127 is given a specific character. Most computers extend the ASCII characters set to use the full range of 256 characters available in a byte. The upper 128 characters handle special things like accented characters from common foreign languages. In ASCII character set, each character is represented by 7 bits when stored in the computer and in an extended ASCII character set, each character is represented by 8 bits. Say for example: ASCII 0000000 represents NULL Similar the word HELLO if converted into binary using the ASCII to binary conversation could be represented as follows. 01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100 01001111(in decimal 72 69 76 79) Please refer an ASCII character table for further understanding of this conversion. ASCII Binary Conversation Octal numbering system for file protection in UNIX Every file or folder in UNIX has access permission. There are three types of permissions (what allowed to do with a file): Read Access Write Access Execute Access Permissions are defined for three types of users: The owner of the file The group that the owner belongs to Other users Thus, UNIX file permission are nine bits of information (3 types x 3 type of users), each of them may have just one of two values: allowed or denied. Simply put, for each file it can be specified who can read or write from/to the file. For programs or scripts it also can be set if they are allowed to be executed. Textual representation like -rwxr-r- It is used in UNIX long directory listings. It consists of 10 characters. The first character shows the file type. Next 9 characters are permissions, consisting of three groups: owner, groups, others. Each group consists of three symbols: rwx (in this order), if some permission is denied, then a dash -is used instead. For example -rrwxrr- 0123456789 Symbol in the position 0 (-) is the type of the file. It is either d if the item is a directory or l if it is a link, or - if the item is a regular file. Symbols in positions 1 to 3 (rwx) are permissions for the owner of the file. Symbols in positions 4 to 6 (r) are permissions for the group. Symbols in positions 7 to 9 (r) are permissions for others. r Read access is allowed w Write access is allowed x Execute access is allowed Replaces r, w or x if according access type is denied Numeric (octal) representation like 664 If a numeric representation is used (like in chmod-command, for example), then it is in the octal format (with the base of 8), and digits involved are 0 to 7. Octal format is used for the simplicity of understanding: every octal digit combines read, write and execute permissions together. Respective access rights for owner group and others (in this order) are the last three digits of the numeric file permissions representation. Example: 0644. Here the second digit (6 in the example) stands for rights of the owner, the third digit (4 in the example) stands for rights of the group, the fourth digit (4 in the example) stands for rights of others. The below tales show what numeric values mean: Octal digit Text equivalent Binary value Meaning 0 000 All types of access are denied 1 x 001 Execute access is allowed only 2 -w- 010 Write access is allowed only 3 -wx 011 Write and execute access are allowed 4 r 100 Read access is allowed only 5 r-x 101 Read and execute access are allowed 6 rw- 110 Read and write access are allowed 7 rwx 111 Everything is allowed According to the above table we can see that 1 stands for execute only, 2 stands for write only, 4stands for read only. To combine the permission you can simply add 1, 2 and 4 to get a needed combination. For instance, to get read and write permission, you add 4 (read) and 2 (write), thus getting 6 (read and write). To get read and execute permissions, you add 4 (read) and 1 (execute), this getting 5 (read and execute). Example: 755 on a file would mean rwx r-x r-w permission on the file. Simply convert the octal number to the binary equivalent and enable the permission where the bits are 1. 755 would mean 111 101 101 In addition there is one more octet representing the Set user ID, set group ID, sticky bit which works in a similar way. Octal digit Binary value Meaning 0 000 setuid, setgid, sticky bits are cleared 1 001 sticky bit is set 2 010 setgid bit is set 3 011 setgid and sticky bits are set 4 100 setuid bit is set 5 101 setuid and sticky bits are set 6 110 setuid and setgid bits are set 7 111 setuid, setgid, sticky bits are set Explain the use of binary in IP addressing for both V4 and V6? Use of binary in IP addressing for V4: Each IP in a V4 IP addressing consists of 32 bits. These 32 bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each. An IP address is represented like this: 172.12.12.46. A computer can understand only binary values and therefore each IP is stored in binary. Each octet is represented as follows. For example if the value of the first octet is 128, it would be represented as follows: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Therefore an IP 128.128.128.128 would be stored as follows: 10000000 10000000 10000000 10000000 Use of binary in IP addressing for V6: While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address space supports 2128(3.4 x 1038) addresses. This expansion allows for many more devices and user on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and efficiency for routing traffic. The IPv6 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries. Each 16-but block is then converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number, separated by colons. The resulting representation is called colon-hexadecimal. This is in contrast to the 32-bit IPv4 address represented in dotted-decimal format, divided along 8-bit boundaries, and then converted to its decimal equivalent, separated by periods. The following example shows a 128-bit IPv6 address in binary form: 0010000111011010000000001101001100000000000000000010111100111011 0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010 The following example shows this same address divided along 16-bit boundaries: 0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 00101111001110110000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010 The following example shows each 16-bit block in the address converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons. 21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A IPv6 representation can be further simplified by removing the leading zeros within each 16-bit block. However, each block must have at least a single digit. The following example shows the address without the leading zeros: Javascript:CodeSnippet_CopyCode(CodeSnippetContainerCode3); 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A Binary in describing class A, B and C IP addresses The class of the address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. All nodes on a given network share the same network prefix but must have a unique host number. Class A Network binary address start with 0, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 1 to 126. The first 8 bits (the first octet) identify the network and the remaining 24 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226, where 102 identifies the network and 168.212.226 identifies the host on that network. Class B Network binary addresses start with 10, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 128 to 191. (The number 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal testing on the local machine.) The first 16 bits (the first two octets) identify the network and the remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where 168.212 identifies the network and 226.204 identifies the host on that network. Class C Network binary addresses start with 110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 192 to 223. The first 24 bits (the first three octets) identify the network and the remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where 200.168.212 identifies the network and 226 identifies the host on that network. Hexadecimal for addressing memory Memory addresses are displayed as two hex numbers. An example is C800:5. The part to the left of the colon (C800) is called the segment address, and the part to the right of the colon (5) is called the offset. The offset value can have as many as four hex digits. The actual memory address is calculated by adding a zero to the right of the segment address and adding the offset value, like this: C800:5 = C8000 + 5 = C8005 C8005 is called as the absolute or linear address of the memory. Similarly F000:FFFD can be computed to get the following memory address. F0000 + FFFD FFFFD or 1,048,573(decimal) The Segment: Offset addressing was introduced at a time when the largest register in a CPU was only 16-bits long which meant it could address only 65,536 bytes (64 KB) of memory, directly. But everyone was hungry for a way to run much larger programs! Rather than create a CPU with larger register sizes (as some CPU manufacturers had done), the designers at Intel decided to keep the 16-bit registers for their new 8086 CPU and added a different way to access more memory: They expanded the instruction set, so programs could tell the CPU to group two 16-bit registers together whenever they needed to refer to an Absolute memory location beyond 64 KB. Classless Inter Domain Routing Classless Inter Domain Routing. CIDR was invented several years ago to keep the internet from running out of IP addresses. The classful system of allocating IP addresses is very wasteful. Anyone who could reasonably show a need for more that 254 host addresses was given a Class B address block of 65533 host addresses. Even more wasteful were companies and organisations that were allocated Class A address blocks, which contain over 16 Million host addresses! Only a tiny percentage of the allocated Class A and Class B address space has ever been actually assigned to a host computer on the Internet. CIDR specifies an IP address range using a combination of an IP address and its associated network mask. CIDR notation uses the following format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/n where n is the number of (leftmost) 1 bits in the mask. For example, 192.168.12.0/23 applies the network mask 255.255.254.0 to the 192.168 network, starting at 192.168.12.0. This notation represents the address range 192.168.12.0 192.168.13.255. Compared to traditional class-based networking, 192.168.12.0/23 represents an aggregation of the two Class C subnets 192.168.12.0 and 192.168.13.0 each having a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. In other words, 192.168.12.0/23 = 192.168.12.0/24 + 192.168.13.0/24

Essay --

Of the many dynasties that make up China’s history, one of the most notable is the Han Dynasty, which lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE, under the rule of numerous emperors. It made many contributions to China’s history and made lasting changes, some of which remained for millennia following the dynasty’s collapse. They made changes to China’s economy, technology, social order, religion, philosophy, and education that revolutionized the way China operated. Also, as the Han Dynasty expanded greatly during its rule, many of the territory that the dynasty conquered became part of what would later be modern day China. These changes helped to shape the country that China became. One of the major lasting effects was the Han Dynasty’s changes to the economy. The Han Dynasty expanded their influence throughout the land and made improvements in many products made in China, including silk, iron, and textiles, as well as inventing paper. As stated in the article, â€Å"Great Journeys of China†¦ The Silk Road†, â€Å"at the order of Emperor Wudi, courtier General Zhang Qian travelled to the â€Å"regions western ...

Identify the Industries

1. Retail grocery stores —-Specialty retailer Industry 2. Commercial banking —-Commercial banks Industry 3. Pharmaceutical preparations —-Pharmaceuticals Industry 4. Commercial airline —-Aerospace and defense Industry 5. Computer software —-Network & other comm. Equip. Industry 6. IT service provider —-Internet services and retailing Industry 7. Liquor producer and distributor —-Beverages Industry 8.Integrated oil and gas —-Mining and oil production Industry 9. Mobile phone service provider —-Telecommunications Industry 10. Semiconductor manufacturer —-Motor vehicles and parts Industry The procedure to find the answers: (Just compare the data of the exhibit 4 in the ITI with the data on page 12 of the â€Å"An overview of financial statement analysis: the mechanics†) ?Industry 1 has the lowest Return on Sales, thus is Retail grocery stores. ?Industry 2 has the lowest Asset turnover rate, so it is Commercial bank. Industry 5 has the highest ROA, which Network & other comm. Equip usually has, thus it is Computer software. ?Industry 8 has the highest Return on Sales, so it is the Industry of Oil production. ?Industry 9’s Return on Sales, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Asset turnover, and Leverage are all the same as the Telecommunications line’s data, thus it is Mobile phone service provider. ?Industry 10 has negative Return on Sales, Return on Assets, hence it is semiconductor manufacturer.We’ve figured out the industries of 1,2,5,8,9,and 10 already. The 3,4,6,and 7 are left. ?Compare the data of the industries 3,4,6 and 7. We found that the Asset turnover of industry 4 is extremely high, thus it is the commercial airline. ?The Inventory in industry 6 is the lowest among industry 3,6,and 7. So it is the IT service provider. ?Compare the Industry 3 and 7, 7’s Return on Assets, Return on Equity are lower, Leverage is higher. So Industry 7 is Liquor producer , and Industry 3 is Pharmaceutical Industry.

buy custom Causes of the Popularity of Internet throughout the World essay

buy custom Causes of the Popularity of Internet throughout the World essay Internet is a global system of millions of interconnected computer networks using the standard Internet Protocol Suite. Internet is known as the network of networks. Though it is a recent phenomenon but still internet mania has spread through out the World like a wild fire. There are several important reasons that has prompted internet to become so popular even in the remotest corners of the World. First of all, the present time can be called as the age of computers and internet is only a component of computer systems. From offices to factories, to houses to hospitals computers are part of every where, and so is internet. In the very first place, internet is all about information; probably it is the largest source of information about all the subjects in the World. Every one can find out any information they are searching in the internet. Along with that internet is very easy to use. Only with a click one is ready to browse. And along with that internet is convenient. It is the one s top place for entertainment, communication and knowledge. One can contact with his or her friends with the click of the mouse, listen to numerous songs, watch videos and movies or even shop for his favorite t shirt only with the help of internet. All these aspects have contributed to the massive popularity of internet. Moreover, these entire aspects of internet have also made life easier for the general population in many ways. The massive popularity of internet has made it an integral part of the Governments and so people who are familiar with the uses of internet are using it to the fullest. Paying bills to ordering products, every thing can be done in the internet with so little hassle that many processes like e-billing, e-shopping have evolved and flourished. Many big multinational organizations are providing internet connections for general people along with many government backed organization. Different types of works, like payment of bills, submission of different forms etc have been totally converted to internet processes. In recent times banking system of all the developed countries and most of the developing countries are dependent on the internet. E-shopping has become a rage in the World. Similarly, different social networking sites in the internet have gained immense popularity in rece nt times. With the increase of popularity of internet advertisement is also becoming a rage. Many firms are now targeting the internet surfing audience for their primary market. Internet telephony is popular in many places. In a very small time, internet has become one of the most used commodities throughout the World. Easy availability, easier to use and easiest to maintain, these three are the basic aspects of the popularity of internet. All these aspects have contributed heavily to the popularity of internet. Still internet is developing and adding up more and more utilities which make us believe that the popularity of the internet will rise more and more in further times. In a nutshell, we can say that internet is easy to use, it is affordable and fast. These are the basic causes of the popularity of internet in recent times. Internet has started new forms of social interaction and activities that were not there earlier. Throughout internet it is easy to find common acquaintances and communicate with people who live in distant places. In the first decade of the 21st century intenet has really changed the lives of the common people. Different terms like personal privacy and identity has been started. In many countries the internet service providers are trying to protect the copyrighted materials from being misused through the internet. There are several laws have been issued to control the use of internet and many sites that can be harmful for children especially. One of the most important aspects of internet is that from the inception process of internet it has been one of the most prominent leisure activity tools. Different types of social experiments have also used in the case. All these aspects and related affairs have really made internet the most popular medium in the 21st century and so it has been gaining popularity. It is believed that as the days will progress internet will also add more and more features and so the popularity of internet will increase in future. Plan: In my workplace, I have decided to introduce computers in a large scale. There are several effects of the decision, but ultimately it will all be beneficial for the company. There will be a number of computers that will be installed in the company. The first impact of installing computers will be the company will become update with all the modern techniques and aspects that were not present in earlier cases. Initially the workings of the company were mainly based on manual labors, and hence in recent times it lacked in production and all other production related aspects. To overcome the problems that appeared with the aspects we have decided to involve in the process. With the introduction of computers in the workplace the first thing will happen will be a thorough training for the workers who are presently working in the company. They will have to understand the working procedures of the computers and how the computers will help them in the final analysis. Computers are very advance d machines, and so they will be real helpful in doing works and doing it more perfectly. So, the mistakes that were common in the manual processes will not happen in computer processes. There are a number of companies in my knowledge that have lain off a number of workers when they computerized the process. But as per my knowledge I am not going to lay off my workers. I do believe that at a point of time these workers had really worked hard for my company and they do not deserve that decision. But I will see that these workers will be trained in computer technologies and all other aspects that will be introduced in my company. Along with that it is very important to employ some new faces in the process that will be really helpful for the old workers in understanding the computers. It can be mutually beneficial. The new workers will tech the old workers the new working processes while the old workers will mentor the new ones in the complete processes that are going on in the company. This is really good for the future of the company. With the introduction of computers we can also introduce several new processes that were impossible in the older set up, and if properl y planned these will be really beneficial and the revenue earnings will go up. As an owner I do believe that computerization of the company is a very good investment and it will have strong returns at a point of time. This is why I have gone ahead with the plan of installing computers throughout every where in the processes. Computerization is the most important part of the modern science and only then our company can compete with all the bigger companies in the World market. Assessment of Present Condition: I am presently working with a company which is in the Information Technology sector. The company is a leading name in the IT industry throughout the World and also has presences in several very important countries through out the World. Here I work as a project manager of a certain process which mainly deals with insurances of a company. In college, I have studied to become a system analyst and here in the job I have the opportunity to do what I have been studied in the college. When I just passed out from the college, the recession had just hit our economy and the job market was really bad. But I was really lucky at that point of time and initially got the opportunity to work with the company. The experience has been quite satisfying. There are several causes of getting the job. My academic results were quite good through out my career and it went to my favor. The job can be called as a life saver for me. I had loaned money for completing my college, and after getting the job I am a ble to pay off my loans in a regular fashion. Along with that I have also rented my own apartment in the city where I now live. Apart from my developments in the personal field, the job has given me ample opportunities to learn about new things and develop in my field. It is a general saying that one learns the best when he is in a process and I can feel the truth of the sayings to the core. Initially I was recruited as a trainer system analyst. I had joined in an Insurance process and there worked for only two months. These two months can be called as my training period. After that I was transferred to another office where I also trained for some software based services. After six months of training, I was shifted to a different sector where I was given a permanent post. The six months training had been really wonderful for me. I have learned more things in the six months than I have collectively learned in my college. All these things have really helped in my job and I will surely tell about my seniors and mentors who have really helped me in the process. Another very important aspect of my career choice is that there are a number of options left for me for climbing up the corporate ladder. When I joined the company, I was a trainee system analyst. But after six months I have been promoted to the post of a system engineer and also got a rise in my pay structure. If I can work well and the management is happy with my functioning they can promote me to the post of head system engineer for the process I am working currently. There are also numerous risks that are involved in the process. I was recruited at the time of an economic meltdown and at that time I have seen that numerous people had been laid off from different sectors. As per the general predictions the meltdown can happen at any time so there will be always a fear of being laid off. To be free from that I have to find out some alternate sources of income so that I keep myself safe from the time. Also the promotions in the company are matters of chance, and in that case it will be important to search for better opportunities that are in the market. Keeping in mind all the aspects I will continue with my present job for the time being. Buy custom Causes of the Popularity of Internet throughout the World essay

Hunter-gather societies Essay Example

Hunter Hunter-gather societies Paper Hunter-gather societies Paper Are there any general features which can be said to characterise hunter-gather societies? To what extent are such societies egalitarian? (2023 words) Abstract This essay will consist of information relevant to answering the title question. So, therefore I will go about explaining the question to the reader in a number of ways; I will first define what a hunter-gather society is and move on from there to explain the general features of these tribes, for a few examples; initiation rights to the different tribes. How tribes hunt, divisions of labour within the tribes and the general features. I will then find through my research if these types of tribes are egalitarian or not. I will also refer to a subject outside this specific module and link Marx and his socialist ideas to explain the other egalitarian side of the essay question. Introduction Hunter-gatherer societies exploit non-domestic and wild food resources. This way of gaining food includes the hunting of large and small game animals, fishing and the collection of various plant foods, food is collected from the immediate environment. The hunter-gatherer catch only as much as they can eat at any one time to avoid problems of storage. Hunter-gatherers typically live as part of a small camp, tribe or band made up of kin. The tribe is generally nomadic and follow the availability of food. It has been found that there is little role specialization, the main division of labour tends to be divided between age and gender, so that the healthy and capable hunt and gather for the old. Typically the men hunt and the women gather. Today barely 30,000 of the worlds population live by hunting and gathering, thats just 0.003% of the worlds population, and are decreasing in numbers, they represent not only our social origins but also account for a huge diversity of different cultural forms. The hunter-gatherer societies belong within a group of whats known as pre-modern societies. Within the pre-modern societies there are two other forms of how communities live outside of modernity, anthropologists have traditionally categorised non-modern societies according to the ways in which food is produced, they are; Pastoral societies and agrarian societies. The pastoral societies also hunt and gather but also keep a herd of animals, for example cattle, camels, horses. The herds supply the tribes with milk, meat and transport. Unlike hunter-gatherer societies this type of society make it possible to accumulate wealth through the animals that they keep and so therefore tend to be nomadic, But on the other hand, this type of society can lead to inequality and therefore be Non-egalitarian. Such societies can be found in places such as the Middle-East, Africa and Asia. Agrarian societies rely largely upon the cultivation of crops as means of food. This therefore provides a very reliable source of food than just going out to hunt, which in turn can support a much larger population of people living in that certain tribe or a society as a whole. On the contrary to Pastoral societies, Agrarian societies are not nomadic due to the growing and storage of crops but this also is a positive point as it enables people living within this certain society to accumulate personal wealth.

Principles of marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Principles of marketing - Essay Example Sprite is a product of Coca Cola, and therefore, it is necessary to introduce the company briefly. The Coca Cola Company came into existence in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia. Since then it has grown to become one of the most popular names in the beverage market around the world. Presently, Coca Cola operates in more than 195 countries around the world. It has more than 30,000 employees working for its different SBU’s worldwide. One of the greatest strength of Coca Cola is its worldwide presence and excellent planning. The unique feature of Coca Cola is that they do not act like a MNC; they do business locally (The Coca Cola Company, 2012). Coca Cola have standardised their core product. They focus on the fact that the drink should taste the same in all the parts of the world. The statistics clearly signifies that Coca Cola’s strategies are following the right path leading to their production and licensing of about 3,500 drinks in more than 200 countries. Sprite is one of the highly acclaimed products of the company. However, in this study, the focus would be on Coca Cola’s operations in the Middle-East countries (Kotler, Armstrong, and Wong, 2008). This report will contain some of the important keywords, and those are defined below. Segmentation: - Segmentation is a strategy or process by which companies define and subdivide a large market into small and identifiable market segments having identical wants, needs and demand characteristics (McDonald and Dunbar, 1995). Marketing Mix: - Marketing Mix is defined as the premeditated mix of the marketing elements, which are commonly the product, price, place and promotion. These four elements of the marketing mix are tailored until the right combination is discovered that fulfils the demands of consumers and generates optimum profit for the company. 2.0 Features of Segmentation Market segmentation is often referred to as a marketing strategy which involves division or dissection of the broader market into small segments of market. The division is done on the basis of the common needs of consumers. Once the intended market is segmented, companies generally formulate and implement strategies to fulfil the needs and desires of each segment. Market segmentation also encourages companies to make product differentiation and employ different media channels to target the different segment of customers. Furthermore, it greatly helps companies to design appropriate marketing mix for each segment (Jobber and Fay, 2006). In this muddled and tumultuous business environment, organisations are compelled to make market segmentation, as it is difficult to target the entire market with the same strategy. Furthermore, the shifting need of consumers is also another driver for the companies to employ segmentation strategy. Similarly, these factors also forced Coca Cola to segment their market for Sprite. Since the product is soft drinks, the company made the segmentation of the market very intellige ntly. Sprite was intended for the mass and not for any particular segment of customers. It was displayed as a brand which was in the business of quenching thirst and refreshing people around

Religion #4 African American Spirituals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion #4 African American Spirituals - Essay Example The religious life included ring shouts spirituals and chanted sermons. The spirituals in particular resemble an amalgam of evangelical hymns, black traditional songs and black southern folk music. As the spirituals can not be attributed to any specific author, they represent the communal voice of the slaves who trust their faith in God. The call-and-response pattern followed in the spirituals, speaks that there is a dialogue between them and God. This indicates their innermost hopes for spiritual as well as physical freedom. The interpretational meaning of the spirituals is a decoded message for freedom from slavery. The author provides several examples to prove his argument, showing the Biblical connotations that most of the spirituals have. With the spirituals the African Americans are looking for awakening, to keep the faith both in God and in their hopes for freedom at last. In the article Harvey has listed several spirituals, illustrating the direct relationship between the slave who is singing and God. In the example of spirituals a double meaning can be felt. The word â€Å"home† can be interpreted as safe place, however it may also mean â€Å"Heaven†. He aven is the place where everyone is free, thus the meanings of the spirituals is converted to reinforce the dream for a free country. The African American spirituals can be related to other humanitarian course materials such as anthropological, ethnographical and sociological. The emergence of spiritual churches combines purely ethnographic description together with the song texts and other ritual, religious gestures. One of the general questions that anthropology seeks to answer is â€Å"Why people behave the way they do?† So we can relate this anthropological quest and why to explain why African Americans found shelter for their minds and souls in the spirituals. On another note, cultural anthropology studies the beliefs and cultural practices of people.